We thank the staff of the Itako Public Health Center, Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health, and government of Ibaraki Prefecture for their contributions to our study. JAMA Netw Open. No hospitalizations or deaths were reported. Underlying Medical Conditions Associated With Severe COVID-19 Illness Among Children. . The incubation period is the period from when a person becomes infected to when they start showing symptoms. May 19 2022;386(20):1899-1909. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2202826, Zambrano LD, Ellington S, Strid P, et al. Table 2. Sect. Second, patient pairs with long incubation periods might be censored during observational periods, and selection bias might result in underestimation. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jul 17 2020;69(28):923-929. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6928e1, Yang X, Zhang J, Chen S, et al. Mar 11 2021;21(1):257. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-05950-x, Grant R, Charmet T, Schaeffer L, et al. 1. Read our. (8) Multiple publications have reported cases of people with abnormalities on chest imaging that are consistent with COVID-19 very early in the course of illness, even before the onset of symptoms or a positive COVID-19 test. Nature medicine. On December 1, the first case of COVID-19 attributed to the Omicron variant was reported in the United States. CDC twenty four seven. Distinguishing Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children From COVID-19, Kawasaki Disease and Toxic Shock Syndrome. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30145-9, Sadiq Z, Rana S, Mahfoud Z, Raoof A. The CDC's researchers point out that Omicron's incubation period is definitely shorter than the original SARS-CoV-2 (five days or greater) and the Delta variant (four days). Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Between Urban and Rural Counties - United States, December 14, 2020-January 31, 2022. Case investigations have identified exposures associated with international and domestic travel, large public events, and household transmission. This is in part because Omicron is far better at circumventing the current vaccines than the Delta variant, . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Apr 10 2020;69(14):416-418. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e2, Kimball A, Hatfield KM, Arons M, et al. An update on COVID-19 and pregnancy. Congestion or runny nose. CDC twenty four seven. How Does Omicron Compare to Previous Variants? For Immediate Release: Monday, December 27, 2021 Contact: Media Relations (404) 639-3286 Given what we currently know about COVID-19 and the Omicron variant, CDC is shortening the recommended time for isolation for the public. Pediatr Infect Dis J. After 10 days, you can consider yourself good to go, says Chin-Hong. In summary, our results indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 subvariant has a shorter incubation period than other variants. Each new variant may have its own variations in incubation periods. Characteristics and Disease Severity of US Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With COVID-19. CDC recommends prioritizing case investigation and contact tracing for confirmed COVID-19 cases attributed to the Omicron variant. CDC: Study Finds A Shorter Incubation Period of 3 Days With Omicron, Compared to Delta. Message not sent. May 1 2022;41(5):424-426. doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003502, Pellegrino R, Chiappini E, Licari A, Galli L, Marseglia GL. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jul 3 2020;69(26):841-846. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6926e3, Clifford CT, Pour TR, Freeman R, et al. Saving Lives, Protecting People. With other variants, the median incubation period was five days or more, with Delta about four days. The CDC recommends that everyone ages 5 years and older get fully vaccinated to. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab936, Patel P, DeCuir J, Abrams J, Campbell AP, Godfred-Cato S, Belay ED. According to clinical guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect. Health Care Utilization and Clinical Characteristics of Nonhospitalized Adults in an Integrated Health Care System 28-180 Days After COVID-19 Diagnosis - Georgia, May 2020-March 2021. Cough. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) (1) A study conducted during high levels of Delta variant transmission reported an incubation period of 4.3 days,(2) and studies performed during high levels of Omicron variant transmission reported a median incubation period of 34 days.(3,4). More information is available, Recommendations for Fully Vaccinated People, people who are up to date with their vaccines, Clinical Progression, Management, and Treatment, Alene M, Yismaw L, Assemie MA, Ketema DB, Gietaneh W, Birhan TY. That change was announced in late December, before the height of the omicron peak in the U.S. Among 43 cases with initial follow-up, one hospitalization and no deaths were reported. A study of a small cluster of COVID-19 cases in Nebraska involving Omicron indicates that it may take as little as three days for infected people to develop symptoms, referring to the new variant's incubation period, according to the research published this week by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and . Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review of cancer, hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplant patients. Epidemiologists believe Omicron has a shorter incubation period than the original variant, around 2 to 3 days. Early research indicates that the newer versions may be more transmissible and more . The incubation period is the time from exposure to a pathogen like a virus to the time of first . Jun 2021;299(3):E262-e279. Post-COVID-19 Symptoms and Conditions Among Children and Adolescents - United States, March 1, 2020-January 31, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Apr 3 2020;69(13):377-381. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e1, Sheehan MM, Reddy AJ, Rothberg MB. Sore throat. Nasal congestion. Paediatric hospitalisations due to COVID-19 during the first SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant wave in South Africa: a multicentre observational study. Interim clinical guidance for management of patients with confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19), What we know about quarantine and isolation, CDC updates and shortens recommended isolation and quarantine period for general population, High rates of rapid antigen test positivity after 5 days of isolation for COVID-19, Modeling the effect of age on quantiles of the incubation period distribution of COVID-19. According to earlier CDC guidance, COVID symptoms can appear anywhere from two to 14 days after someone is exposed to the virus. Study: Newer COVID-19 Variants Have Shorter Incubation Periods. Accessed December 3, 2021. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. If a pair shared meals on July 4 and the infectee had COVID-19 symptoms on July 7, we calculated an incubation period of 3 days. COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations by COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Previous COVID-19 Diagnosis - California and New York, May-November 2021. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. SARS-CoV-2 setting-specific transmission rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ogata T, Tanaka H. SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during the Omicron BA.5Dominant Period in Japan. The average incubation period tends to differ among COVID-19 variants, and data suggest that it may be shorter for Omicron. Risk Factors for COVID-19-associated hospitalization: COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Conclusions. Acute and Persistent Symptoms in Children With Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Compared With Test-Negative Children in England: Active, Prospective, National Surveillance. Oct 1 2021;4(10):e2128568. JAMA Network Open. doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003328, Kompaniyets L, Bull-Otterson L, Boehmer TK, et al. * SIG includes representatives from CDC, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Genomic sequencing detected variants of concern in Japan from July 19September 13, 2001, as follows: 26,963 cases of B.1.617.2 (Delta), 15,009 cases of B.1.1.7 (Alpha), and 5 cases of other variants (9); the L452R mutation was found mostly in the Delta variant. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. The 95th percentile distribution for incubation period among patients during the BA.5dominant period appeared shorter than that during the BA.1dominant period, although the difference was not statistically significant. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jan 28 2022;71(4):146-152. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e4, Taylor CA, Whitaker M, Anglin O, et al. But while it's taking less time to develop symptoms, for many people it is also taking less time to recover. Mar 2022;28(3):756-759. doi:10.3201/eid2803.212607, Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, et al. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the risk of developing long-COVID and on existing long-COVID symptoms: A systematic review. Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. BMJ. mmwrq@cdc.gov. BMC Public Health. Reports on incubation periods for BA.5 are sparse. Aug 24 2022;75(1):e1165-e1175. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status - United States, January 22-October 3, 2020. On November 26, a Presidential Proclamation suspended entry into the United States for noncitizens (as immigrants and nonimmigrants) who were present in any of eight countries in southern Africa (Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe) during the 14 days preceding travel to the United States. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/11/26/a-proclamation-on-suspension-of-entry-as-immigrants-and-nonimmigrants-of-certain-additional-persons-who-pose-a-risk-of-transmitting-coronavirus-disease-2019external icon, https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/fr-proof-negative-test.html, *** https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/order-collect-contact-info.html, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/contact-tracing/contact-tracing-plan/overview.html, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html, https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/masks/mask-travel-guidance.html, **** https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/international-travel/index.html. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Scientists in South Africa and elsewhere have established systems that allow study of the laboratory, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics; CDC is collaborating with health officials around the world to learn more about the characteristics of patients with Omicron variant infections. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of Fourteen (33%) persons reported international travel during the 14 days preceding symptom onset or receipt of a positive test result. 2021;237(1):1-12. doi:10.1159/000512932, Thompson HA, Mousa A, Dighe A, et al. Feb 24 2022;386(8):713-723. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2117995, Price AM, Olson SM, Newhams MM, et al. 2022:o110. For the most recent updates on COVID-19, visit our coronavirus news page. May 2020;94:91-95. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017, Tenforde MW, Billig Rose E, Lindsell CJ, et al. According to the Australian Department of Health, the incubation period for COVID-19 can range between one and 14 days, with most cases displaying symptoms by day 5 or 6 after exposure. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children During Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta and Omicron Variant Circulation-United States, July 2021-January 2022. His interests focus on evaluating data on and responding to epidemics in the Itako PHC jurisdiction and Japan. We defined patients in the Delta-dominant period as those who had symptom onset during July 23September 14, 2021, and either they or their contacts were confirmed to have L452R-positive SARS-CoV-2. One vaccinated patient was hospitalized for 2 days, and no deaths have been reported to date. Nov 2020;2(4):100246. doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100246, Galang RR, Newton SM, Woodworth KR, et al. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Response to additional COVID-19 vaccine doses in people who are immunocompromised: a rapid review. Carla M. Delgado is a health and culture writer based in the Philippines. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11182, Feldstein LR, Tenforde MW, Friedman KG, et al. Feb 1 2021;72(3):521-533. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa828, Dubey P, Thakur B, Reddy S, et al. Even if most infections are mild, a highly transmissible variant could result in enough cases to overwhelm health systems. We extracted data for 266 infector/infectee pairs who had 1 definite date of SARS-CoV-2 exposure as follows: 122 infectees from 108 infectors during the Omicron BA.5dominant period, 68 infectees from 49 infectors during the BA.1dominant period, and 76 infectees from 51 infectors during the Delta-dominant period. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Mar 25 2022;71(12):466-473. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7112e2, Johnson AG, Amin AB, Ali AR, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. (14) Some skin manifestations may be associated with increased disease severity. Trends in Treatments for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), United States, February 2020 - July 2021. People who have asymptomatic or symptomatic infections can transmit SARS-CoV-2, with varying rates and timelines for transmission. 2021:2021.02.27.21252169. doi:10.1101/2021.02.27.21252169, Jering KS, Claggett BL, Cunningham JW, et al. TaqPath COVID-19 Multiplex Diagnostic Solution. BMJ. 2022;386(8):744-756. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116597, Lansbury L, Lim B, Baskaran V, Lim WS. Characteristics of the cases described in this report might also not be generalizable because case findings might be associated with individual characteristics (e.g., persons with recent international travel might be more likely to be younger and vaccinated). Clinical Characteristics of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults: A Systematic Review. BA.5 is a subvariant of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (1). doi:10.1093/cid/ciab991, Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, et al. 2021/12/01/ 2021;80:229-238. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.06.039, Kanne JP, Bai H, Bernheim A, et al. doi:10.1503/cmaj.202604, Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, et al. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. The 95th percentile distribution for incubation period was estimated at 4.5 (95% CI 4.14.9) days during the BA.5dominant period, 5.2 (95% CI 4.65.9) days during the BA.1dominant period, and 6.1 (95% CI 5.56.8) days during the Delta-dominant period (Table 1; Figure). 2020:1-7. doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1793320, Grechukhina O, Greenberg V, Lundsberg LS, et al. High rates of rapid antigen test positivity after 5 days of isolation for COVID-19. It appears that a person is likely to be most infectious one to two days before symptoms appear, which continues for a few days after the symptoms begin, Weiss said. Older adults may present with different symptoms than children and younger adults. CDC twenty four seven. Incubation periods for Omicron BA.1 were reported to be 3.3 days in Norway, 4.6 days in South Korea, 3.2 days in the Netherlands, 3.1 days in Spain, and 2.9 days in Japan ( 6, 10, 11 ); incubation period for BA.2 was 4.4 days in Hong Kong ( 12 ). All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance, by Race/Ethnicity and Vaccination Status - COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021-January 2022. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If You Have COVID-19, Is It Really Safe to Only Isolate for 5 Days? Aug 2020;25(32)doi:10.2807/1560-7917.Es.2020.25.32.2001483, Eyre DW, Taylor D, Purver M, et al. (11), Less common presentations of COVID-19 can occur. Tables Table 1. Probability densities for incubation period distribution during different SARS-CoV-2 variant-dominant periods in study of SARS-CoV-2 incubation period during the Omicron BA.5dominant period in Japan. All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during the Omicron BA.5-Dominant Period in Japan On This Page The Study. Hospitalizations Associated with COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-August 14, 2021. National surveillance of bacterial and fungal coinfection and secondary infection in COVID-19 patients in England: lessons from the first wave. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Feb 4 2022;71(5):177-181. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7105e1, Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, et al. (12), Several studies have reported ocular symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection, including redness, tearing, dry eye or foreign body sensation, discharge or increased secretions, and eye itching or pain.(13). However . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Aug 13 2021;70(32):1081-1083. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7032e1, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Post-COVID Conditions: Healthcare Providers, Decontamination & Reuse of N95 Respirators, Purchasing N95 Respirators from Another Country, Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRs), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. BMC Infect Dis. These recommendations, however, are only for asymptomatic and mildly ill people, and the shortening to five days means that a person should be isolated during the period when a person is most infectious.. To receive email updates about COVID-19, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. A 2021 study published in BMC Public Health found that the incubation period of the virus may vary by age. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Critical Covid-19 in Adolescents. Specific symptom information was available from 37 symptomatic persons. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Clin Infect Dis. Lancet Reg Health Eur. Health experts say incubation times could be changing due to omicron, but those who test early should continue testing even if they get negative results. As of December 8, cases had been reported from across the country; 22 states have reported at least one case (Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin) (Figure). Omicron is the dominant variant in the United States, making up about 59 percent of infections for the week ending Dec. 25, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Tuesday. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. Original Publication Date: January 31, 2023, Table of Contents Volume 29, Number 3March 2023. Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Duration of infectiousness and correlation with RT-PCR cycle threshold values in cases of COVID-19, England, January to May 2020. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. We estimated the monovariable mean incubation period of 122 patients during the BA.5dominant period. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Sep 10 2021;70(36):1255-1260. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7036e2, Siegel DA, Reses HE, Cool AJ, et al. Apr 1 2021;4(4):e215298. Characteristics, Outcomes, and Severity Risk Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children in the US National COVID Cohort Collaborative. Jun 18 2022;399(10343):2263-2264. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00941-2, Notarte KI, Catahay JA, Velasco JV, et al. On December 10, 2021, this report was posted online as an MMWR Early Release. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022;149(1):e2021053418. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Distribution of Omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 cases, Cantabria, Spain, December 2021. When we fitted incubation period data from the BA.5dominant period to parametric distribution models, the Akaike information criterion for gamma distribution was smaller than that for Gaussian, lognormal, and Weibull distribution models. Some older adults can experience COVID-19 infection accompanied by delirium, falls, reduced mobility or generalized weakness, and glycemic changes. Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children. The CDC says that its guidelines were updated to reflect growing evidence that suggests transmission of COVID-19 often occurs one to two days before the onset of symptoms and during the two to . As a result of the more contagious BA.4 and BA.5 omicron subvariants, COVID-19's incubation period has changed in recent months, Chicago's top doctor previously revealed. Risk Factors for Intensive Care Unit Admission and In-hospital Mortality among Hospitalized Adults Identified through the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET). Meta-analyses of studies published in 2020 identified a pooled mean incubation period of 6.5 days from exposure to symptom onset. . Shorter incubation time for this variant suggests the quarantine period could be reduced. A study of the Oslo Christmas party outbreak found the incubation period could be about three days, compared with 4.3 days for delta and five days for other variants. Jul 2021;6:100109. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100109, Kim L, Garg S, O'Halloran A, et al. The omicron variant may create mild COVID-19 symptoms and reinfect previously infected COVID-19 patients, but it could have a shorter incubation time than previous COVID-19 strains, according to a new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report.. CDC investigates omicron variant spread. Pediatric Pulmonology. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1098, Antonelli M, Pujol JC, Spector TD, Ourselin S, Steves CJ. Scientists in South Africa and elsewhere have established systems that allow study of the laboratory, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics; CDC is collaborating with health officials around the world to learn more about the characteristics of patients with Omicron variant infections. Incidence and clinical phenotype of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant by vaccination status: a Danish nationwide prospective cohort study. Figure. A small study from CDC also . A partially vaccinated person had received a COVID-19 vaccine but not completed the primary series 14 days before illness onset or receipt of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. N Engl J Med. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emerg Infect Dis. Am J Transplant. Persons exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in household, workplace, or school settings were excluded if they might have been exposed at another time. 2022;6(5):294-302. doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00027-x, Torjesen I. Covid-19: Omicron variant is linked to steep rise in hospital admissions of very young children. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Johannesburg, South Africa: National Institute for Communicable Diseases; 2021. He says multiple studies have shown that "there's very little, if any, transmission after day 10, regardless of the variant . Characteristics of Persons Who Died with COVID-19 - United States, February 12-May 18, 2020. Systematic review and meta-analysis of chest radiograph (CXR) findings in COVID-19. 2022;5(2):e2143151. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Apr 1 2022;41(4):315-323. doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003449, Abrams JY, Belay ED, Godfred-Cato S, et al. Omicron is thought to cause milder symptoms, according to early research.The CDC . A vaccinated person had completed the primary series of a Food and Drug Administrationauthorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine 14 days before illness onset or receipt of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. Symptoms can overlap with those of other viral respiratory illnesses. Reports on incubation periods for BA.5 are sparse. Bjog. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021204522, Doerschug KC, Schmidt GA. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Jun 1 2021;4(6):e2111182. Underlying Medical Conditions and Severe Illness Among 540,667 Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19, March 2020-March 2021. Incubation periods are still just an average, and infected people may develop symptoms anytime within two to 14 days after exposure. Open Forum Infect Dis. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 2021;27(4):626-631. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y, Daugherty SE, Guo Y, Heath K, et al. Preventing chronic disease. The four participating airports receive a large, diverse volume of international travelers, including direct flights from southern Africa.

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