Psy 301: Social Psychology :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. (p.47) 109 0 obj <>stream Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. This is an example of_______ cause. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" /L 680077 Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. Harry's belief is based on. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. 2. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. June 22, 2015 What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. Take it with you wherever you go. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. To which he readily agrees. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? If you already know how to turn off your ad blocker, just hit the refresh icon or F5 after you do it, to see the page. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". A theory of cognitive dissonance. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. 1. This has many practical implications. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. endstream From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. /Text He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. 2. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. stream If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. This has many practical implications. /N 8 80 0 obj <> endobj Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. soc. ", 3. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. 0000012870 00000 n They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. 3. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Christopher D. Green Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. trailer 1 But other factors would enter also. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. /Parent 45 0 R In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with.
