Right-wing authoritarianism, left-wing authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism. The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as: When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group . In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as . 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. This is an example of: individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped. 1. This reaction is best explained in terms of: After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Could you feel that some associations are easier than others? self-worth. . This is how the IAT works: measuring tiny differences in the time it takes you to make judgments. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. Desirable? In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. Social dominance orientation (SDO) describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain order and stability (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? The tenency to favor our own group: Term. B) ingroup bias. Male 1: Maybe more than anybody else. In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. Devine, P. G. (1989). Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. tendency. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . Like the guard at night saying: Who goes there, friend or foe? If the other group has good, cooperative intentions, we view them as warm and often consider them part of our side. However, if the other group is cold, we often view them as a threat and treat them accordingly. HLT. Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. 2022. Exam 1 Dr. Today, many nations have equality clearly articulated in their constitutions. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. The girls are reacting to: Your new roommate is from Ireland. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. 29 terms. This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in: Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Similarly, Ecuador guarantees the fundamental right to sexual orientation and gender identity. By contrast, those high in RWA may equally dislike the outgroup member moving into the neighborhood but for different reasons. These small interactions can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewees ability to perform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). d. Catharsis. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to, The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as, Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. just-world phenomenon Verify that U/p=x(p,m)\partial U^* / \partial p=-x^*(p, m)U/p=x(p,m). ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. Measured cognitive dissonance by paying participants to $1 or $20 to lie about the enjoyment of a dull task. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. June 7, 2022 1 Views. Here, it is because this outgroup member brings in values or beliefs that the person high in RWA disagrees with, thus threatening the collective values of his or her group. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over another is known as Multiple Choice rebuttal. This best illustrates: Early. Historical examples abound. Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with. At another end of the spectrum are homeless people and drug addicts, stereotyped as not having good intentions (perhaps untrustworthy) and likewise being incompetent (unable) to do anything useful. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. b. Conformity Within the realm of personality psychology, the false-consensus effect does not have significant effects.This is because the false-consensus effect relies heavily on the social environment and how a person interprets this environment. c. romantic love Sun Microsystems uses the accrual basis of accounting and recognizes revenue at the time it sells goods or renders services. e. Essentialism. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. c. young adults tend to prefer the same kinds of music. (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. What is the correct present tense conjugation of the verb? Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. a. deindividuation. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. These groups could be formed by gender, race, ethnicity, or a favorite sports team. Boy scout experiment- created conflict and then used superordinate goals to override it, woman whose murder in front of witnesses led to research on bystander effect, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 1, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 2, 01: History of PsychPeople (Unit 1 Review), Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. How is it that entire groups of people were left out of political participation, justice, and freedom? According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. (Extremes). Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping, Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002, Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009, https://onlinepsych.pepperdine.edu/blog/prejudice-discrimination-coping-skills/, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of: This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. This finding is consistent with the theory that some countries, like the U.S., emphasize an individualistic self-concept. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. . For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. 33. Aggression In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates ________. When it comes time to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you may still categorize it as good, but you will likely be a little slowerperhaps even fractions of a second slower-- in arriving at this judgment. Most people have a positive view of themselves. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Peery, D. (2009). A petty cash fund of $200 was established on April 1, 2016. Psychological impact of anti-Asian stigma due to COVID-19 pandemic: A call for research, practice, and policy responses. What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? Betty and Tina are in the third grade. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. (2004). does not simply mean taking pride in one's group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. The difference is that we categories ourselves, as self-categorization theory points out (Turner, 1975). Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. Also called the cross-race effct and the own-race . For example, if you were asked to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you might quickly categorize it as good. At its heart, SDO rests on a fundamental belief that the world is tough and competitive with only a limited number of resources. The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Other-race Effect: Definition. c. outgroup bias. "Oh, no, never," the woman said. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Categories . Expert Answer. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. People naturally create mental categories. Calls for national unity and patriotism that do not tolerate dissenting voices are an example. a. amygdala b. egocentrism.c. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). p.)\left.p.\right)p.). b. the mere exposure effect. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion. "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. python 3d scatter plot with labels; D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. They are motivated by . (Mob Mentality), The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. Because the attributes of group categories can be either good or bad, we tend to favor the groups with people like us and incidentally disfavor the others. Categories get more complicated when we apply them to humans. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. The groups are supporters of two rival political movements in Thailand and politically neutral subjects. d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women. Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. (b) Find the partial derivatives of the demand functions w.r.t. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. that most people like women more than men. They are excited on the morning of the competition because they both believe that their team is going to win since they are the better team. : Men are more intelligent. Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. Idea that individuals pair up into relationships with people who are similar to their level of physical attraction. In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. Outgroup bias is the tendency to dislike or belittle members of groups that we don't identify with. d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. The results from research using the IAT are consistent with social identity theory. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. C) a win-win solution. For example, researchers have found that those who score higher on SDO are usually lower than average on tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. self-fulfilling. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. b. less; more Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? (1974). His action is best explained in terms of the, Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid, In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves, The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. For example, authoritarian leaders tend to allocate more national resources to members of their own tribe, religious sect, or political party. Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions. -cies. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. How can people learn to get along with people who seem different from them? It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group.

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